The Black Death free essay sample

The paper examines the massive effects the black plague had on society: including social, physical, psychological, religious, economical effects, and even influence in art and literature. This paper provides a thorough look at the Bubonic Plague, the deadly pandemic that continuously reappeared all throughout Europe until the Seventeenth century, leaving behind death, devastation, and economic disaster. The author discusses how the plague was transmitted, symptoms, the versions of the plague, the plagues impacted on religion, and how it influenced the culture of the times-literature, art, and superstitious behavior. The paper also looks at the staggering number of dead that the Black Death claimed as it swept across the European continent. The Black Death was a time of death and destruction to all of society and its surroundings during the Fourteenth Century and beyond. According to Chester David Rail, The sudden onset of human plague in southeastern Europe and the Middle East in the winter of 1346-1347 seems to have marked the beginning of the plague, Rail, 11. We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Black Plague was a deadly pandemic continuously reappearing all throughout Europe until the Seventeenth century, leaving behind death, devastation, and economic disaster. The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague or the Bubonic Plague, originated in the Thirteenth century. The disease originally was transmitted from rat to rat and from rat to man by the bite of rat-fleas. ?Bubonic plague may be transmitted from place to place by imported fleas, which are carried by people in their baggage or in merchandise, Wilson , 2. Constant travel and trade by Europeans with other countries exposed Europe to the plague. Its symptoms were exhibited by buboes, which are hard, painful, swellings of lymphatic glands usually affecting the groin area or under the armpits and around the neck.

ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Sophomores and Juniors

SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Sophomores and Juniors SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re a sophomore or junior in high school, it's about time to start exercising your standardized testing muscles. This is especially true if you're hoping to get into very selective colleges or improve significantly from your PSAT scores. Read on for advice on how to create an effective study plan for the SAT or ACT starting in sophomore and junior year. Sophomore Year: SAT Prep Sophomore year is when you can start gearing up for the SAT or ACT by taking experimental practice tests and planning out your studying and testing schedules. I'll go through how to prepare yourself for standardized testing so you have the best chance of success when you take the test junior year. Getting Started By sophomore year, you've most likely taken all the classes that teach relevant information for standardized tests (algebra, trigonometry, and geometry). Now you can start figuring out your baseline score for the SAT or ACT so you know how much studying you’ll have to put in before you take the test. If you’re planning on taking the SAT, take the PSAT to get an idea of what your scores might be.Add a zero to the end of each PSAT section score to see an estimate of its SAT equivalent.You can also take a real SAT practice test if you would rather have a more direct representation of your current score level.If you’re planning on taking the ACT, take an ACT practice test. You should also take time during sophomore year to research colleges and get a sense of how much you need to improve your scores.This is a good time to estimate a target score for the SAT or ACT.Even though you might not know your top choice schools for sure yet, you probably have some idea of which colleges appeal to you and seem like realistic options. Google the names of schools that interest you and â€Å"SAT scores† or â€Å"ACT scores†.The 75th percentile score listed by the school (meaning a better score than 75 percent of admitted students) is what you should be aiming for as a target score. Studying for Your Goals We recommend that you take the SAT or ACT for the first time during the fall of your junior year(the SAT is in early October, the ACT is in mid-September). This way, you'll still have a lot more opportunities to take either test again if you don’t do as well as you hoped. Based on your knowledge about your current score level and target scores, you can start making a study plan during the second half of your sophomore year. Here are some guidelines for score improvement goals versus study hours: 0-30 SAT or 0-1 ACT Composite Point Improvement: 10 hours30-70 SAT or 1-2 ACT Point Improvement: 20 hours70-130 SAT or 2-4 ACT Point Improvement: 40 hours130-200 SAT or 4-6 ACT Point Improvement: 80 hours200-330 SAT or 6-9 ACT Point Improvement: 150 hours+ It’s up to you whether you want to spread out hours and start studying sooner or go with a more intense studying schedule for a shorter period of time. Here are some different examples of how you might plan out your study schedule before you take the test for the first time junior year: Case #1: I'm Planning on Taking the SAT, and I Want to Improve By 200 Points For this level of improvement, you're looking at about 80-100 total study hours.If you start during sophomore spring, two hours a week of studying while you’re still in school in April and May will accumulate about 20 hours. You can plan to study for five hours a week for the three summer months, which adds up to about 70 hours (you have to account for that one week when you will inevitably go to the beach instead).The SAT is in early October, so September can be a review month where you study for an hour a week until your SAT test date. Case #2: I'm Planning on Taking the ACT, and I Want to Improve By 3 Points We could estimate around 40 total study hours for a three-point improvement on the ACT.In this case, since you’re not looking for a huge improvement, you have more of a choice as to how much you spread out your hours.Maybe you decide you want a fast-paced two-month study plan where you study for 5 hours a week in July and August. Alternatively,you could take a more long-term approach and study for two hours a week starting in April. Case #3: I'm Planning on Taking Either the SAT or the ACT, and I Want to Improve By...A LOT It's true that you might not have time to study for the 150+ hours recommended above before you take the test junior year for the first time.The good news is, if you're new to the SAT or ACT, it’s easy to pick up dramatic score improvements as you gain familiarity with the questions. View it as an ongoing process - remember that you’ll still have another year before your last chance to take the SAT or ACT during senior fall. Five hours a week of studying is a realistic goal in the 4-6 months before the test your junior fall.Though this might not be enough to get your scores up where you want them to be the first time, you’ll be at least halfway there.You can look at your first official test as a benchmark for you to see how effective your studying has been rather than a scary deadline. It's time to prep the metaphorical ingredients of success on the SAT or ACT with the sharp blade of your brain knife. Junior Year: The Real Deal This is when things get real. It's important to manage your testing schedule wisely and make sure you're seeing consistent improvement. I'll discuss this more in the next couple of sections and include some advice on transitioning to senior year and the college application process. Taking Your First Test At the start of your junior fall, you should take the SAT or ACT for real so you can get an idea of how much your scores still need to improve (or if they need to improve at all). By this point, you probably have a better sense of where you want to apply, so you can be more sure of your target score.Remember that you still have a lot of chances to take the SAT or ACT again if you're not satisfied with your scores yet, so don't sweat it! Evaluating Your Study Strategy and Hours If you are just starting to study junior year, see the Studying for Your Goals section above to get an idea of how much you might need to study.The aftermath of your first test junior year is a good time to take stock of your studying strategies and whether they are working for you. Here are a couple of reasons you might change your study strategy or consider studying for more time: Scenario #1: You Ran Out of Time, but You Felt Pretty Good about the Test Otherwise You may need to force yourself to do more timed practice tests. You should also research some strategies for reducing your time.Here’s advice to help you with this problem on SAT Math, SAT Reading, the SAT in general, and ACT Reading. Scenario #2: Your Scores and Content Knowledge Didn't Seem to Improve Despite Lots of Studying Something is wonky with your studying habits, or you might just need more prep in general.There are a couple of reasons why this might happen: You’re getting distracted too much - You might need to change your study location, turn your phone off, or stop studying with other people (let’s face it, group studying is not real studying). You’ve been taking practice tests but not picking apart your mistakes - You won’t learn much this way because your level of understanding is not changing. See this article on how to review mistakes on practice tests. It takes you a while to learn from mistakes - Studying for more time is probably the way to go. Remember that you still have until your senior fall before your test results are final!Once you have a stronger understanding of your studying needs, you should be able to plan better for the upcoming SAT test dates during your junior spring and senior fall. Looking Ahead to Senior Year Now that you’ve taken your first test, evaluated your studying habits, and know how much you want to improve before you send in college apps, you're ready to craft a new study plan based on this information. You might choose to take the SAT or ACT again during your junior spring, especially if you're only looking for a slight improvement over your original scores (1-2 ACT points or 30-70 SAT points). This will also help you plan your studying for the summer between junior and senior year depending on how well you do. Make sure you keep up a light study schedule between the fall and spring tests, unless you are only looking for a very small point improvement that could happen without more studying (0-1 ACT or 0-30 SAT).Even one to two hours a week can make a significant difference in your scores. Though you still have more chances to take the tests during senior fall, you shouldtry as hard as you can to improve each time you take the test so you aren’t wasting money.Be careful not to depend too much on senior year testing opportunities. Ideally, you will have already reached your goals before then so you can avoid stressing out over simultaneous deadlines for college applications and standardized testing. Especially if you're applying Early Decision or Early Action, you should do your best to get all your tests out of the way before senior year rolls around. If you're planning on taking one of these tests as a senior, the summer before junior year is critical study time. By now, you should know approximately how many hours you need to devote to studying and have made adjustments that account for your personal study habits and time constraints.Spread out your time in the 4-6 months before senior year begins so you can make the most of your last few testing opportunities! Hear that? It's the sound of your rocket to success leaving the launchpad. To Sum It All Up... Sophomore Year Take the PSAT and/or SAT and ACT practice tests Get an idea of how much you need to improve based on target scores Make a study plan for your goals starting in sophomore spring and going through the summer before junior year Junior Year Take the real SAT or ACT in the fall Reevaluate your studying strategies based on your performance and see if you need to make changes Continue a light study schedule throughout junior year Take the test again in the spring Keeping in mind everything you’ve learned, make a final study plan for the summer before senior year What's Next? Plan out your schedule with the help of our full review of the 2016-2017SAT Test Dates. Still not sure whether you should take the SAT or the ACT? Learn about the pros and cons of each test. Or, are you wondering whether or not to retake one of the tests? This guide will help you decide if it's a good idea. Also see our complete study plans for the SAT and ACT for more tips on how to be prepared! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Example for Free (#4)

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Exercise1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Name ____________________________________________________________ Lab Time/Date ______________________________ Activity 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. * The size of the pores of the membrane * The size of the molecule diffusing through the membrane 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? * Because the pores of the membrane were not large enough * I predicted this correctly. 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted that only glucose would diffuse through it and was right. Albumin is too heavy to diffuse through that membrane. 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. NaCl, Urea, Glucose, Albumin Activity 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs. -Similar – They pass through the membrane without the use of ATP, they’re both forms of passive transport. -Different – The solutes in facilitated diffusion pass through a carrier protein while the solutes pass through the membrane in simple diffusion. 2.The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Since there were more carrier proteins, more glucose could diffuse into the cell at one time which made the process go along much quicker. I predicted this correctly. 3.Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I said that the rate of diffusion would decrease, which was wrong, because I figured that having the NaCl would equalize the concentration gradient and make the concentration gradient and make it a slower process. The rate actually remained unaffected because NaCl is not required for glucose in the simulation. Activity 3 Simulating Osmotic Pressure 1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted correctly in saying that the NaCl concentration would increase the pressure because they are directly related, meaning if one increased, that means the other one must have increased as well. 2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different. -Similar – Solutes can still pass through the membrane in both simple diffusion and osmosis. -Different – In diffusion, the particles go from high concentration regions to low concentration regions, while in osmosis it crosses from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. 3.Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles.† Water follows the solutes (milliosmoles) into higher concentrated areas of solutes, me aning it was going against the concentration gradient and â€Å"chasing the milliosmoles.† 4.The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Keeping in mind the past activities, I predicted correctly before doing this activity. The glucose diffused through to the left beaker forming equilibrium, which created osmotic pressure on the left side. The albumin cannot fit through that membrane so it didn’t reach equilibrium. Activity 5 Simulating Active Transport 1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. Because the sodium-potassium pump needs a 3:2 ratio to function, meaning once the concentration of the KCl runs out then the NaCl cannot function either. 2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted wrong with this activity because I said that the Na+ would be maximally transported. I know now that although in the presence of ATP, the pump still cannot function without any K. 3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I also predicted incorrectly on this one because I did not realize that the glucose carriers don’t need ATP to function so they were still at the mercy of how much potassium there was in the sodium-potassium pump. I thought that there would be easier access into the cell for the Na and K cells. 4.Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. Facilitated diffusion because it is moving with the concentration gradie nt and the glucose carriers don’t require ATP to transport the glucose. Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability. (2016, Apr 02).

Should Community College increase its tuition fee Essay

Should Community College increase its tuition fee - Essay Example Some of the key players associated with the issue of college fee increment include the institution, the taxpayers, the government and students. Measures put in place by various governments has weakened the ability of most institutions to produce the required results to both taxpayers and students. In most cases, colleges have lost the ability to attain the required student capacity. The other stakeholders being the institutions stakeholders and students also play a significant role in ensuring that the cost accrued per completion of one’s learning is favorable and the money does not attract higher taxations. Typically, taxpayers put in an average of $56000 per degree expecting an average amount return of almost twice the initial investment. The unavailability of sufficient fund allocation acts as a diminishing factor since it only allows a limited number of students to attain education given the tough economic outlook. Community college education also spurs opportunity for mobility integration which is essential since it reduces the dependency rate of students on their parents. Moreover, community colleges effectively rely on government funding so as to get their resources therefore making them non-profitable and they end up having the highest enrollments. Implementing implement decisions that will ensure a reduction of community college tuition fees is rather important in fostering improved achievement amongst colleges. Through policy implementations, the public policies should always aim at increasing resource allocation to community colleges and cutting down on expenditure. The policies are significant in ensuring a reduction on the cost of education while enhancing strengths of community colleges in performing its initial mandate which is to serve students in the community. Community colleges can introduce short term courses to increase efficiency. This will significantly assist some students

Support Sector Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Support Sector - Coursework Example Some examples of these organizations include the faith-based organizations that offer support to the unfortunate through training, housing, food and provision of education (Paula, 2014). They also operate community health centers, afterschool programs for kids and care for the aged. Some organizations also engage in music and art to change lives of others. They train and nurture young talented people in music and art (Shauna, 2015). The key role of support organizations is to provide services to people. The services of each support organization are clearly determined by its mission and objectives. As a non-profit making organization, all the activities that Support organizations engage into are usually aimed to improve the welfare of the community they serve. Some of these organizations specialize in training of personnel, advocacy, activism and running of community-based projects. To manage these organizations in a good way, there is usually a need for one to understand their organizational structure, personnel management, environmental concerns, funds requirement, the organizations mission, as well as how the organization will be planned and evaluated. For purposes of communication channeling, organization structure should be done appropriately. This is done with a clear mission statement of the organization in mind. It should be well understood that there will be a requirement of funding to the organization. Therefore, issues dealing with fund collection and management will be very important. To manage the funds and the organization, there is a critical requirement of personnel; their selection and management will, therefore, become critical. To know how the organization is performing, there is also be a need for a proper planning and evaluation sector setup for the

What Is Adaptation Essay Example for Free

What Is Adaptation Essay Adaptation in common sense is a system reaction of organism which provides possibility of all kinds of social activity and vital functions. In other sources we can find a definition that adaptation is totality of reactions of live system, which supports its functional stability in the process of changes in conditions of environment. It can be also called plastic accommodation of internal changes to external changes as well. Processes of adaptation are directed at supporting of stability inside of organism and between organism and environment and are connected with self-preservation of functional level of self-regulated system and with choice of functional strategy of achievement the aim. By psychical adaptation we understand continuous process of active adaptation for human psychics to conditions of physical and social environment which surrounds him, and also the result of this process. To describe the process of adaptation we use also term â€Å"adaptation abilities†. Psychical adaptation include level of factual adjustment of a person, level of his social status and self-feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction by himself and his life. Sensory adaptation is explained by change in ability to react at changes in environment with help of sensory system, basing at the average level of stimuli, which surrounds us. For example, we feel the temperature of water as cold for the first several minutes, and later we find it not so cold, although temperature didn’t change: it is at the same level, but our organism was adapted to this temperature and our receptors found this temperature as â€Å"normal†. It is adaptation. When we are in perfume shop and smelling different kinds of perfumes, our nose looses it sensitiveness after change of several smells – we actually feel odors but we are adapted to them and we are unable to tell the difference between them.   When we walk in the evening, our eyes are gradually adapt to darkness, and while the sun sets, we can see in the darkness – but when we go out from room with bright light into the darkness, it takes time to adapt to darkness after change of exposure. Sensory systems are nervous mechanisms, which serve as receivers of signals, informing about changes in environment, which surrounds the subject (extroreception) and in his organism (intrareception). We got used to distinguish five main external sensory systems, which receive sensory information: cutaneous sensitiveness (touch), sight, smell, taste, and hearing. These senses present out basis of knowledge about environment. In fact, we have more of these systems (only cutaneous sensitiveness causes sense of cold, pressure, hot, pain, etc). Sensory systems consist of receptors, nervous conductors and nerve centers. Each sensory system provides sensation which is peculiar to it only.

The Dystopian Society Depicted in Brave New World, V for Vendetta, an

It is commonplace for individuals to envision a perfect world; a utopian reality in which the world is a paradise, with equality, happiness and ideal perfection. Unfortunately, we live in a dystopian society and our world today is far from perfection. John Savage, from Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, V, from V for Vendetta by James McTeigue and Offred, from The Handmaid’s Tale by Margret Attwood, are all characters in a dystopian society. A dystopia is the vision of a society in which conditions of life are miserable and are characterized by oppression, corruption of government, and abridgement of human rights. Unfortunately, corruption is government is a phenomenon far too prevalent in today’s world. In the movie V for Vendetta, V is attempting to exact revenge for the many homosexuals who were taken and murdered by the government. As one of the few survivors of this genocide, V devotes his life to pursuing those responsible. It is V’s belief that the government has misappropriated too much power from the citizenry and as a result destroyed the nation’s democratic framework. He says, â€Å"People must not be afraid of their government. Government should be afraid of their people.† The power should be in the people’s hands, not the government. V uses violence to get his revenge and causes a great deal of chaos and rebellion against the government. He says, â€Å"Violence can be used for good.† It is ironic that the only way to fight against this government is through violence, rather than protests. Our government is democratic, but their government, in Britain, is a repressive dictatorship. Finch, a government agent, says, â€Å"If our government was responsible for deaths of almost a hundred thousand people†¦would you really want to know?... ...ourse, stability isn’t nearly so spectacular as instability. And being contented has none of the glamour of a good fight against misfortune, none of the picturesqueness of a struggle with temptation, or a fatal overthrow by passion or doubt. Happiness is never grand.† The struggle between happiness and society shows a society where true happiness has been forfeited to form a perfect order. Society will never be perfect. Equality will never be sustained. A dystopian society will always have corruption of government. Corruption is present all around the world but is swept under the rug. Abridgment of human rights happens every day in our country or another. Oppression is the cause for all the sadness in our world. There will be always selfishness in dystopia. One must sink for another to rise, but â€Å"good doesn’t mean good for everyone. It means worst for someone.†

Preparing a Budget Request Essay

As the chief of police for a midsized city of 75,000 residents, my crime is lower in the downtown area than in other parts of the city because of the population growth I need total of three new police officers even though I currently have 30 uniformed officers and 12 support staffs. I have a request to the city council about hiring three more new police officers but I need to address two robust justifications for hiring new police officers. The two justifications for hiring new police officers is the ability to multitask the demands of their job which may vary throughout the day as well as the extensive paperwork that come with the job must be completed on time. Another is the leadership skill which involves the officer being about to communicate with individuals while in the public eye as well as good judgment when it comes to solving a case of issue at hand and increasing the presence of police officers in the downtown area as well as catching up population growth. (Projections, 20 12) Police officers must be able to enforce the laws so that the criminal convicted of the crime or evidence can be bought before court to testify or judge as fit by the judge during a trial. Some officers depending on the job may be in certain area to prevent crime as well as patrol and give out traffic tickets where it is due, even direct traffic. The police officer must be an U.S. citizen and of good character to get the job position, but must be able to pass the written test after completing high school with some work experience. The three police officers would also need some college training if not they will be encouraged to take some college courses in police work to get a better understanding about the job that they are about to do involving protecting the people as well. As the chief of police I am requesting the workload to increase with the addition of four police officers which would result in an increase seven percent from 2013 to 2020 but slower than the average for all occupations. Most people that are interested in police work understand that it is challenging and offers an opportunity to serve their communities, but a person with college training in police science or military experience even both has a better chance at getting the job. The police officer would be working shift work which is necessary because protection must be provided around the clock, yet with the three police officer being new it would be a requirement to work weekends, holidays, and nights even off duty as security for restaurants, retail stores, and other establishments. (Projections, 2012) I have known that there was a need developing for more police officers because the budget increase over the few years and the workload increasing with more violent acts needing be stop such as the reports of more and more people being kill by traffic accidents while driving down the wrong road or walking. Yes, the manager was briefed on the growing workload because he is the one needed to maximize their effectiveness and concentrating the police attention on hot spots that generate disproportionate amount crime in certain areas which allow the police officers to understand where they are most needed in order to protect the economy as well as enforcing the law to bring down crime. (Justice) As for the police officer funding dealing with the budgeting there is a planning of federal strategies involving the recipients of individual funding to appear to keep their funded positions past the expiration of the grants. The reason for this is to make sure the police officers know that they still have their grants to support them as well as making sure that they would understand upon recruitment there would be no problem in the law enforcement with the grants that promote innovative strategies and use of technology and civilians to maximize efficiency could become increasingly important to practitioners. Hiring them will impact not only our present security situation but will also impact the future economic and social prospects of our fair city. We understand that requesting new hires at a time like this appears to be counter-productive as this would mean more expenses for the city. But if the city does not invest in this particular urgent need now, things can only go downhill. The measure that can hopefully impact local psychology and economic outlook as, once the security issue is fixed, the downtown area can now be marketed as among the most secure places to live in and do business in our State. As the scope and sequence of budgeting in terms of sources of revenues, purpose of government expenditures, budget cycles, budget preparation, and debt administration all involve the grants that are benefitted. According to police officials, grant money was one of the most important factors contributing to growth in many police agencies and slowing staffing reductions in others. Federal money for law enforcement can help increase police presence on the street relatively quickly, lessen the immediate costs of staff expansion, or even cover the costs of new technology that could increase police efficiency. However, police officials should also consider non-funded costs that may be associated with grants, such as the costs of training and equipping new officers, and of retaining officers. References Justice, U. D. (n.d.). Hiring and Keeping Police Officers. Retrieved from www.ncjr.gov/pdffiles1/nij/202289.pdf. Projections, O. o. (2012, March 29). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from www.bls.gov/ooh.

Psychic Skills Exploration & Development Essay

Introduction: Welcome to my Free Ebook : â€Å"Psychic Skills Exploration & Development†. Through this book I will be combining the courses I taught originally. The first part of the book is the very basics, the absolute beginnings of learning to understand the other senses, learning to find and meet with your Spirit Guides and more. The Second part is the content from my more advanced course. It includes a lot of development exercises, things to explore, and more. Although I am not teaching classes in a structured online forum anymore you may like to join the free discussion group that I moderate called Psychic Living (formerly Acheiving Psychic Awareness). In this group we discuss psychic ability and more from a Spiritual perspective that  welcomes and honors all paths as sacred. We also hold topic specific and general chats and have other files of interest etc. You can access the group at http://groups.yahoo.com/ group/psychicliving and feel free to strike up a conversation with like minded folks, use the group features etc. I am also including a list of FAQ’s. These small chapters will be at the end of the book and will cover questions that many students have asked. You may find some of your questions have been answered previously. If not feel free to email me, and as time allows I will be happy to answer some of your questions. I may even include the answers (anonymously of course) to this book or to the website. There is also a resource chapter at the end of the book with links to great internet sites, other learning resources etc. Keeping with the feel of the original courses I have still included the class projects, assignments, and exercises. Although there are no â€Å"grades† and you don’t have to turn them in, please do them for your own growth and benefit. You will learn a lot in the process guaranteed. It is highly recommended that you follow the first part of this book in order, it goes through the first class and then as you move on to the more advanced stuff you can jump around to whatever interests you. The Beginning Psy section is what the rest of the book builds from, so even if you are more adept please work through it first. Also, please know that there are no experts in this arena, and that we all grow and learn in our own ways. Take what resonates with you from this course, and leave behind what doesn’t. Feel free to grow and explore in the forum, or to share this book with anyone you feel may enjoy it. You may even offer it as a free Ebook on your site so long as you agree to the following Terms: This book may be distributed FREELY, without Charge, not as a â€Å"bonus† for paying for something else, but FREELY. file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/courseintro.html (1 of 2)3/7/2004 8:54:39 AM Introduction to Psychic Skills Development It must remain UNALTERED, do not edit things out, do not present it as your own work. This book may not be reproduced in any other form without express written permission from the author. It may not be excerpted etc. It must be  distributed in its entirety. If you agree to those very simple terms I encourage you to share this book with others :). Should this book be a help to you, and you find you have learned a lot from it, please consider making a small donation. To date I have received one donation, although hundreds have used this content. I use the proceeds to keep my site up and running and to continue to develop/promote great free content for the seeker. Your gifts are great Karma and greatly appreciated as they allow me to continue to offer great services and information, I thank you 🙂 Click the button below to be taken to a secure server where you can donate any amount – every penny helps. Return to Table of Contents file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/courseintro.html (2 of 2)3/7/2004 8:54:39 AM Developing Psychic Abilities: Things to Consider This Free Ebook brought to you by SpiritualGuidanceTarot.com Important Things to Consider Before Persuing This Path I would like to take this time to discuss a few issues that I feel are important to consider. Developing psychic abilities is not the same as pursuing spiritual growth. One does not have to be enlightened at all to use these abilities, this being said it is always important to be cautious about whom you trust, and first and foremost you should learn to trust yourself. Although I do approach psychic ability from a Spiritual perspective, psychic senses are only one aspect of spirituality. Many people get sidetracked on developing these abilities and forget to explore other areas of spiritual growth. This is a mistake, and that is why I am writing this in big bold print on the front of this book. I encourage all of you to further explore and walk your path, the truth will set you free, but each person’s path to the truth is uniquely different. Don’t expect developing your psychic skills to enlighten you or make your life easy. Psychic skills alone do not hold the keys to à ¢â‚¬Ëœmagic power’ or ‘happiness’ etc. Happiness is not a quest it is  a choice, and work with Spirit is wonderful, but you have to walk your own path. We are all on our personal path to the truth, and many are the paths that lead to it. There are no simple solutions so don’t have unrealistic expectations in this area. Psychic abilities can enhance your connection to the Holy Spirit, to your own inner Spirit and help you to be more receptive to assistance from the Angels, Ascended masters, guides etc., but that brings me to my next important point. Don’t give away your personal power! I was very surprised when I was teaching these classes online, by the number of people who incorrectly answered a question from the first course. The question said True or False: Spirits always have our best interest at heart and know more than we do so we should always listen to their direction. False is the correct answer, most answered true. I would like to state that it is always important that what you receive feel right to you. Often our ego will tell us what we want to hear and mask itself as spiritual guidance. There is a part of each of us that wants to be in control, when we branch out into these areas, our ego feels challenged, this can lead us to color some of the advice we receive. One of the most difficult parts of the process is learning to be objective when dealing with yourself. This requires a willingness to be extremely honest, facing parts of yourself you may not want to accept right away. Also, as on earth, sometimes you will encounter many different personalities, not all have your best interest at heart. To be sure you are receiving good advice remember the following: Spirit will never tell you what you have to do, they may show you different options, nudge you in a certain direction, but they will never demand you to do anything. If you spirit guide is a drill sergeant, chances are you are communicating with your own subconscious or ego, and not Spirit Spirit Guides, Angels, and the Masters are here to support and lend guidance and teaching, they are not going to solve your problems or walk your path for you. Don’t have unrealistic expectations, you are file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/thingstoconsider.html (1 of 3)3/7/2004 8:54:39 AM Developing Psychic Abilities: Things to Consider  here to learn, and they are your mentors, not your mommies. I know many who  get angry that their guides don’t tell them what they want to hear, or tell them what they should do. A teacher who has your best interest at heart adn wants to love you and watch you grow is not going to give you the answers. You are here to learn, and it would be a disservice to you if you were not encouraged to stretch and grow for yourself. Truth is, there is no growth without effort and growing pains. You get the idea ;). If in doubt ASK. A true guardian spirit doesn’t care if you ask him/her to identify him/herself, or if you need a little assurance. If you get negative feedback from asking for validation chances are you are not talking to an enlightened being and/or you are talking to your subconscious again. Fear and old programming do funny things to the human psyche, and as you work through these chances are you may face some â₠¬Å"demons† from your own subconscious. These are most often your own fears made manifest. Knowing what this is can help you work through these things more comfortably. There is a saying that says ‘You are what you fear† †¦I don’t remember the origin offhand, but it does hold great truths. Spirit will always talk to you with respect, which doesn’t mean that they don’t tell you how it is, or sometimes share things that you’d rather not hear. There is a degree of integrity like no other, and they expect that respect and integrity to be reciprocated, so approach this with an open heart and mind, gratitude and respect folks:) use discernment, and know that you are in control of your own destiny. I recommend getting in touch with your soul first, work through any fears or misgivings you may have, we touched on this a bit previously, but many people have a big sense of disconnection from God/ Creator and this needs to be bridged to be the most successful. Cultivate a habit of expressing gratitude and compassion. These two emotions come from purity of spirit and not from ego, remembering to be thankful and compassionate brings humility, and shows your sincerity. This is where our true power lies, in our spirit, not our minds ;). Again, lets review†¦. Psychic abilities and the extra senses are present in all beings. Some choose to develop them from a place of ego, to impress people, or to try to â€Å"control† others. Unfortunately, as with any other skill it can be used for noble intentions, and for purposes not so noble. I choose to persue psychic skills from a spiritual perspective, where they become a tool along the individuals spiritual path to God and to Self-Realization. I know some write to me and say â€Å"I dont’  believe in God you shouldn’t teach that God is necessary†. Well I’m sure for these people that is correct, but for my experience, a connection to â€Å"God’ is necessary because that is who I am. I believe â€Å"God† to be the inherint intelligence and source of energy present within and beyond all beings. I believe we all are connected through the same source ie â€Å"God†. My beliefs however aren’t important, they aren’t the only ones, and anyone with any belief system can use this course. I won’t modify it however ;), so you will get bits and pieces of my own philosophy throughout. I can only share my perspective. If it offends, then this course may not be for you. As with anything in life, take what works for you and leave behind what does not. file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/thingstoconsider.html (2 of 3)3/7/2004 8:54:39 AM Developing Psychic Abilities: Things to Consider I recognize these abilities to have great healing capacity, and to be empowering. That being said developing psychic skills is not synonymous with spiritual growth †¦ spiritual growth is a life long process embarked on by each individual soul. Some people mistakingly believe that developing psychically will make them more enlightened or spiritual and therefor make life easy. Those who believe this are often in for a big disappointment. It is also important to say here that it is important not to become distracted by psychic abilities †¦again it is only one aspect of development. They are a tool, not the be all and end all. If you get hung up on it you stop growing and then the abilities that were intended to be for your highest good end up sabotaging you. You should be willing to continue to persue growth in all areas. Love and blessings, and enjoy exploring the rest of the book 🙂 Return to Contents file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/thingstoconsider.html (3 of 3)3/7/2004 8:54:39 AM Download Free eBook Psychic Skills Development Free e-Book â€Å"Psychic Skills Exploration & Development This book combines much of the information that was contained in my psychic development classes. I don’t teach classes formally any longer, so I decided to make the information available for free. This book provides a comprehensive look at psychic abilities, what they are, how they work, and how to develop them through a variety of activities and exercises. Main Menu As this is another free resource I am providing I ask that all of you respect a few rules. Please download only one copy to save on Bandwidth. The more copies downloaded the more I have to pay in server fees. If you don’t want a copy on your PC, you can also view all of the content online as well HERE Please feel free to share it with others, but Please do NOT alter the content, sell the book, or use it as an incentive to get other people to buy your products/services etc. Other than that, I’m pretty flexible ;). So, if you agree to these simple terms you can begin your download below. This file is an executable file .exe format. Download it to your computer and save it on your own harddrive. keep track of what folder you save it to, then click it and it runs itself. *Please note I am revamping this file to add more material to it and to fix a couple of bugs, this file will be placed again for download ASAP. In the meantime enjoy reading the material on the site. This Free Ebook brought to you by www.MysticalTreasures.net Below is one of several articles I have written. If you would like to read more of my writing visit my public portfolio for a range of different self-improvement/psychic related articles Psychic Phenomenon: Gifts, Powers, or Abilities? In my work as a psychic who seeks to mentor those developing their own skills, I find it important to discuss this subject. I refer to psychic abilities as just what they are – skills or abilities. The other terms, gifts and powers, I find to be damaging as they infer that this is unattainable by others, or that psychic senses are much more â€Å"supernatural† than they actually are. Often I hear others speak of their developing abilities as â€Å"gifts†, as though they were so special that God gave them this unique and special ability and not others. Unfortunately, many famous psychics also do this, insinuate that some great mystical super-secret society power has been bestowed on them. This is harmful to those who would love to develop psychically but feel that they â€Å"aren’t enough† somehow, or haven’t been â€Å"chosen†. Are psychic abilities gifts? Indeed they are. Those of us who have developed them recognize that we are bless ed, but I also recognize that every breath I take on this planet is also a gift. I also know that we all breathe. Therefor oxygen, while still a beautiful, precious gift that should not be taken for granted, is something that we can all partake in. Psychic ability is no different. Just as everyone can pick up a  pencil and write with it, everyone can also learn to develop the intuition to some degree. Not everyone will become a pulitzer prize winning novelist, or famous poet, but that doesn’t stop all of the rest of us from writing, so why should it stop beginners in Metaphysical studies from even trying? It is amazing to me the number of people who come to me and say â€Å"I don’t think I am gifted† or â€Å"Can you tell me if I have gifts?†. My answer: â€Å"Are you standing here, breathing, having a life experience right now? then yes you are gifted†. The key is not focusing on lack or what one doesn’t have, but appreciating what is. What we believe tends to become self-fulfilling prophecy. Psychic abilities are not elusive foreign phenomenon that only the chosen few can bring forward, they are an innate set of senses, hidden deep within the psyche and soul of each being that must be allowed to come forward. Many people don’t agree with this, they believe that because they want psychic abilities that they must already be allowing it and it just isn’t coming. This is very untrue. Developing these skills means adjusting to a different reality that what is presently understood and accepted both by society and the individual. The body/mind have a natural resistance to this in place as a protective mechanism. In order to reach our fullest potential psychically, we have to work at peeling away the barriers. It can take considerable time and effort to allow these abilities to manifest to their fullest potential, and as with anything worth having they require sincerity, persistence, and dedication. file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/psyskills.html (1 of 2)3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM Untitled We live in a society that pushes heavily the â€Å"instant gratification† syndrome, and this tends to cause many developing psychics to throw in the towel much to soon. When we add the stigma of â€Å"being gifted† to it, many don’t even try at all. They are falsely led to believe that these abilities just manifest in others who have been fortunate enough to have them bestowed upon them by Creator. News Flash, God/ Creator loves all of creation, so why then would He/She/It only give gifts to some of the Earths children and not  to all? That’s not unconditional love, but it is a human condition ;). Every one of you reading this also has psychic ability, and yes it is a gift, but so is everything else. Another word I hear misused a lot is â€Å"powers†. Psychic ability does not give us â€Å"power† over anyone, and those psychics who believe it does usually find their careers short-lived, or find that Karma catches up eventually. Any genuine psychic is humble enough to tell people that they too can do what he/she is doing. A good psychics goal is to empower others – not to wield some false sense of power over them. When I hear psychics and/or aspirants refer to their â€Å"powers† it is one of my biggest pet peeves. That word implies not only that it is a â€Å"super secret society elite thing† again, but also propogates fear and contributes to the already abounding social ignorance surrounding psychic phenomenon. Those who do this to puff up their own egos by portending they have super-hero like â€Å"powers† make it difficult for genuine psychics to get established and the outlook for ever being taken seriously in our field becomes even more grim. I have the upmost respect for psychics and healers as well, who seek to empower others by demystifying this process. John Edward is one prime example of a mainstream psychic who has done a lot of work in this area. Thanks to his work, more people are seeing this as something that is not just a power for the chosen ones, but something anyone with the dedication to do so can develop. I hope that as more of us establish our careers we will also take the â€Å"high road† and continue to promote more personal empowerment and less hocus-pocus. Knowledge is the true â€Å"power†. *~*~*~*~*~*~*~* Christin Snyder is an author, psychic, mentor, and pesonal success coach. She works on demystifying psychic phenomenon and helping others to expand their consciousness. Visit her website today for free guided meditations, spiritual guidance tarot readings, free psychic skills development courses and more: http://www.spiritualguidancetarot.com Return to Table of Contents file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/psyskills.html (2 of 2)3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM Untitled This Free Ebook brought to you by www.MysticalTreasures.net Formatting Journals to help you through this book and the course contents: Formatting your Main Journal For your main class journal, I recommend buying a binder with loose-leaf paper and divider tabs. This allows you to move things around, and easily keep things divided into organized sections. You can add and remove material also. You will want a journal section for each part of the course. Exercises should be recorded in your journals. Also post to it daily if you are able about any insights you receive etc. You will enjoy referring back to this later on. Spend some time on your journal. It doesn’t have to be expensive, but spend some time making it and personalizing it. Make it special and all your own. As time goes on through the course you will get very attached to your journal and it will hold reviews of all of yoru progress. I can tell you that honestly through this process I often neglected my journal, thinking I wouldn’t forget certain experiences etc.. and I really regretted later on that I didn’t write things down as I worked on them. That practice would have saved me a lot of repetition and heartache, so please be persistent in keeping yoru preogress recorded. You will be glad you did. Formatting your Dream Journals: Dream journals are personal and all your own. I suggest having two sections, one where you record dreams, and another where you list your common symbols, recurring themes, anything extraordinary that occurs, etc. This will be your own window into your soul, and developing your own personal dream dictionary of sorts is far more effective than using a standard dream dictionary. Although some meanings are somewhat universal, that isn’t necessarily true. I suggest a small journal that can be kept easily and unobtrusively by your bedside. This will ensure easy access enabling you to record more of your dream experiences. If you find that writing dreams down doesn’t work for you and you are able, buy a small tape recorder and keep that by your bed. When you wake you can record a message for yourself. This may also help those of you who forget very quickly upon waking. Return to Table of Contents file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/journals.html (1 of 2 )3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM Untitled file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/journals.html (2 of 2)3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM Psychic Skills Exploration & Development This Free Ebook brought to you by MysticalTreasures.net Beginning Psychic Skills Development : Lesson I Learning to Still the Mind This is the first step in learning basic meditation methods and in preparing yourself to receive the subtle messages of Spirit communication. Our first lesson delves into learning to relax our conscious mind. Often this is the most difficult part of the whole process, learning to still our thoughts and come to an inner sense of calm & quiet. Remember this is a new habit you are developing and plan on sticking with it without immediate gratification. More than learning to absolutely silence the mind, it is more of a process of learning to take control of your mind/thoughts. Knowing where they go and why, and how to bring them back to center and quiet them as much as possible. You will want to work with this lesson first, until you are fairly comfortable with it before attempting to move forward. This is important so that you proceed step by step and not sabotage yourself by trying to do everything at once. Even if you are an all or nothing type, please do this step by step, taking as much time between lessons as you need. 🙂 You’ll be happier with the results if you do. It is important to learn how to control and be conscious of our thoughts and emotions to be effective as a psychic and/or to be successful in meeting our guides. By being able to control our response to outside stimulus, we are better able to â€Å"tune in† to the more subtle frequencies involved in using the extra senses and/or communicating with spirit. There are a few things to remember: 1) Don’t struggle trying to force your mind to be silent, in the struggle itself you create more thoughts and sabotage the process. You should not â€Å"latch on’ to thoughts either, let them ‘float† by you, acknowledging your willingness to release them. 2) If you don’t succeed at first don’t give up. It takes time to  develop a new habit. Don’t be hard on yourself if you just don’t get it the first few times. .. anything worth doing is worth the effort, and trust me this is worth the effort. the benefits are not just in developing psychically, the benefits of meditation are numerous and include increased energy, clearer thought process,& improved health on many levels. 3) Remember to find a time where you will not be interupted and a place as free from outside interference as possible. No music, TV, etc. There are times when you can use soothing music, but for the purpose of psychic development it is best to have a very quiet environment. It makes it easier to pick up on subtle energies around you. As you start, you may wish to select a specific time of day, each day or as many days a week as you can. You will want to start off with a 5 minute time frame which you can increase as you progress. By choosing a specific time of day you are developing a habit, conditioning a response pattern and preparing your body and mind for the process of Meditation. file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/lessonI.html (1 of 3)3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM Psychic Skills Exploration & Development Once you have become more adept at relaxation and meditaiton you can remove the scheduled time and increase your meditation time, but for our purposes here, 5 minutes per day at around the same time if possible. Use this time to just deeply relax and become aware of yourself, the environment you are in, etc. etc. Total awareness naturally expands the consciousness. Remove yourself from as much outside interference as possible.. if earplugs or covering the eyes helps you please consider adding them to your routine. Learning to Relax the Mind: Once you are ready to begin, stretch out and release any tensions you may be feeling in the body. You will want to do this exercise sitting and not laying down as we don’t want to indicate to the body that it is time to sleep, just simply relax. Sit in a comfortable but firm chair, not one that you slump down into.. you want to sit up straight with your back against the back of the chair, feet flat on the floor, and arms either rested gent ly on the arms of the chair, or down to your sides. You should be in an attentive but relaxed position. Once you are  situated take a deep breath in through the nose and breath out through the mouth making the exhale longer than the inhale. As you exhale focus on pushing out any negative emotions, stress, etc that you may have built up within you. Do 3 -5 breaths, whatever it takes to help you start to feel the body relax. Each breath should have you relaxing even further. Once you have done this just sit with your eyes closed. Try to just focus on the stillness. If thoughts seem to keep coming don’t struggle against them trying to push them down†¦ just allow them to come and go gently. Remove yourself from your thoughts and watch them â€Å"float† by. You Don’ t want to attempt to catch them and analyze them, and you don’t want to struggle against them†¦ they just are, you just are. You can also do a visualization. Imagine yourself sitting in a quiet theater, there is a screen in front of you. On the screen appears anything that you need to know, that your higher self wishes you to know. Don’t try to analyze the symbols, colors, or other messages, let them float on the screen. Here there is no time limits , pressures, or outside influences, this is just you in the fullness of the present moment without regard to past or future. Enjoy being in this moment a while longer and then gradually bring yourself back with a cleansing breath. Repeat this exercise until you have come to a place where you are comfortable in redirecting random thoughts for a minute or more before moving on. This most likely will not happen right away, so please don’t get discouraged. Continue to practice this daily as you can. As you get into this more you will find the time you spend may naturally increase just because of the sheer pleasure of taking a break from our â€Å"busy†ness. That’s great and even if you don’t get this right file:///C|/Business%20Stuff/Tarot%20Site/psychicskillsclass/lessonI.html (2 of 3)3/7/2004 8:55:01 AM

Five Tips for Landing Business Clients as a Writer

Five Tips for Landing Business Clients as a Writer The definition of writer can be a narrow view (â€Å"I write only women’s fiction†) to a broad view (â€Å"I use words any way people need me to†). I quickly learned to embrace the latter when I took the freelance plunge two and a half years ago, because, frankly, only pitching editors wasn’t adding up to my monthly income goals. This approach has led to a wide variety of contracts: website copy, blogs, social media posts, newsletters, emails, press releases, descriptions for online directories and more. With this approach, I was able to triple my income from 2012 in 2013. Here are five ways you, too, can land writing gigs for businesses that need content now more than ever in this fast-paced, online-heavy life. 1. Create a list of every business you’ve ever written about.Have you interviewed business owners for any of your articles? Then these folks are great people to pitch your other writing services to. Start your email 2. Make a list of businesses you’d like to write for, and pitch them.  Pitching a business owner is not that different from pitching an editor. You introduce yourself and share a couple of ideas, then follow up in a week or two. Start with flattery just like you would an editor, but instead of writing, â€Å"I loved this recent article,† say, â€Å"I love your wine† or whatever product/service they provide. Flattery works. 3. Seek businesses that do not have a blog or newsletter.Content is needed now more than ever, and if a business isn’t blogging or writing a newsletter to their fans, they are missing out on some major benefits. Offer to write one blog or newsletter for free to get your foot in the door, and share some stats about the power of blogging like this article, â€Å"Top Blogging Statistics: 45 Reasons to Blog.† 4. (Gently) point out a flaw in their online presence.Are they posting to Facebook three times a day? Do they still not have a Twitter, Pinterest, or Instagram account? Do they have a dismal online listing score on getlisted.org? Be friendly and flattering at first, but then point out the hole in their online marketing that you’ve found and offer to fill it. I’ve landed several clients this way. 5. Don’t be scared to try something new. Business owners need all kinds of support, so don’t shy away from opportunities that might involve tasks that aren’t necessarily writing related. I once ran a usability testing session for a new tech startup and had absolutely no idea what that even was up until two weeks before I led the group through the developing website. I’ve also taken more photos than I care to remember for social media even though I don’t consider myself a stellar photographer. But you learn as you go and take on each new challenge with professionalism, which will help you establish a great reputation and eventually get businesses seeking you out instead of you constantly hustling for more work. Good luck and tweet me with any questions at @ShawndraRussell.

Give a concise account of the origin and development of arcades Essay

Give a concise account of the origin and development of arcades. Explain their significance in 19th and early 20th century archi - Essay Example Arcades changed this, as they provided shoppers a comfortable atmosphere to shop. The consumers were sheltered from the elements in the shopping arcades, while being given a leisurely place to browse. While the true arcades did not come into being until the early 19th Century, they have their origins in Muslim bazaars, which were enclosed spaces where people could gather and shop. These bazaars enclosed not just shopping, but mosques and schools. The arcades were modeled after these bazaars, as the arcades provided the same service to consumers as the bazaars – shelter from the elements, and a collective meeting ground. The arcades flourished throughout the 19th Century, then fell out of favour in the 20th Century, as fewer buildings were constructed symmetrically with a narrow alleyway between them. Officials by then had recognized the health hazard of tightly compacted spaces. Although the arcades diminished, they did not die, as the writings of Walter Benjamin revived inter est in them. Benjamin saw the arcades as being a way to provide insight that might elude us in our waking hours, as he thought that they provided â€Å"rare shafts of insight [to] illuminate the ruins of our energies that time has passed by.†2 One can now shop in enclosed spaces in both shopping malls and modern-day arcades. The Donegall Arcade in Belfast is just one example of a modern-day arcade. This essay will trace the origins and characteristics of the arcade, explain why they were important to urbanism, how Walter Benjamin reconceived them, and how they are a part of the modern-day fabric. The Social History of the Arcade The arcade, according to Geist (1983)3, has its origins in the Islamic Bazaars (Figure 1).4 Figure 1 – Islamic Bazaar Source: Geiste, J. Arcades. London: MIT Press, 1983, p. 5 These bazaars were building complexes that were necessitated by the hot desert sun of the Muslim countries, The architecture, and Muslim life, â€Å"unfolded only in the courtyards.†5 Geist (1983) states that the arcade came into fashion because there was a need for streets that were clean and free of danger. Around 1800, according to Geist (1983), Parisian streets were dangerous and of threatening proportions. Pedestrians were threatened by the carriages and the cars on the poorly designed medieval streets. The streets were also turned into mud by the rain. Thus, there was a need for pedestrians to walk on clean sidewalks that were out of the elements. Koloff (1849)6 states that industry was the reason for the arcades, because industry was the reason why the streets were becoming so crowded. Retail trade withdrew from the city towards what would now be known as the suburbs, and the inner city had to compete with this exodus. The arcade was thus born out of necessity. Large clusters of buildings, which surrounded heavily populated streets, were cut through so that the pedestrian could get out of the crowded streets. In the passageway was comm erce - merchants would set up booths to hawk their wares.7 The closed arcades came next, in which the pedestrian could feel that he had set foot in another world that was always dry. It was always warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and never dusty or dirty.8 Geiste (1983) states that the two arcades – the closed and open – appeared at the same time. The open arcades were used for manufacturing and

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS PROJECTS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS PROJECTS - Research Paper Example of this paper is to demonstrate how industry structure and environmental forces affect the competitiveness, profitability, investment opportunities and choice of strategies for the office furniture industry. Major processes and products of the industry are also covered in the paper, its NAICS code, and the value chain starting from the major inputs to the end user. The key success factors (KSFs) are also discussed and their relevance to the growth of the industry. The Canadian office furniture manufacturing industry deals with a wide range of products ranging from cabinets, bookcases, desks, chairs, filing cabinets and desks. The industry also manufactures store and office fixtures, including cafeteria countertops (except bathroom and kitchen), partitions and furniture parts (IBIS World, 2015). Customers may order furniture that is customized or predesigned. The furniture may also be sold assembled or unassembled depending on the destination market and the customer demands. Major activities in the industry include manufacture of office furniture, manufacturing showcases, lockers, shelving, and partitions. Additionally, the industry deals with custom architecture woodwork and special wood fixtures. Manufacturing is done in line with the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Canada is the second largest marketer of office furniture in the world and the leading exporter in the United States. The domestic production of furniture in Canadian markets has expanded over the years. The industry has greatly contributed to increased employment rates and is one of the factors helping to bridge the economic gap in the Canadian markets. The Canadian Office Furniture industry is classified under NAICS code 33721CA. Other related NAIC codes include 337110 for wood kitchen cabinet and countertops, 33712 for household and institutional furniture, and 337121 for household upholstered furniture. However, this paper deals specifically with office furniture under